Creativity and compromise

Starting with a question - can participatory learning and action methodologies be combined with more formal, academic approaches and still be effective?, this paper reflects on the methodological complementarity and compromise between PLA and other research methods. Numerous examples are drawn from participatory research and development practice which suggest that complementarity seems to be both essential and effective. The rationale for the creative combination of methodologies is discussed in the context of researchers seeking a more people-centered research approach and community development professionals seeking information that carries more clout in policy and planning. The paper concludes with the cautionary note that any methodological compromises and complementarity that undermines the philosophies of participatory learning and action approaches and simply fulfils the objectives of the outsiders also create new challenges, particularly for those interested in enhancing local participation throughout the research and planning process.